The French and Mexican Revolutions Essay - 763 Words

What is a revolution? By definition it means the overthrow of a government by those who are governed. That is exactly what the French and the Mexican revolutions were all about. The living conditions and overall treatment of the poor, pheasants, lower class, last man on the totem pole or what ever you want to call them, was a large factor in the coming of these revolutions. Those who are governed are exactly what the lower class people were. Also, liberty was one of the peoples major concerns. They were ruled by men whose only desire was power and greed which is what led them into revolt. The treatment of the majority, which was the lower class, had a significant role in each of these revolutions. The French revolution was†¦show more content†¦The majority or creoles (Mexican born natives) as they were called, out number all the others ten to one. (Robinson, Fay) Yet they were treated the worst and, by the way, they were the ones who paid most taxes. These lower class peoples were forced to barely survive on meager pay for manual labor and menial jobs. Many of them ended up peddling or begging in the streets. (Americana) The men that drove these revolts were very determined to change their world. When Marquis de Lafayette, a French noble, went to America and fought as a volunteer in the American Revolution, he was inspired by their quest for liberty. He brought this inspiration home with him, and began the French pursuit for freedom. In 1788 absolute monarchy was collapsing... What would replace it? (Mckay, 706). The three estates would quarrel for the next few years about how to proceed. In the end the National Assembly would form, vowing not to disband until a new constitution was born. On August 27, 1789 the National Assembly (NA) issued the: Declaration of the rights of man. By 1790 the NA would hold the power of lawmaking. Although it did not last long, the idea was there and it did bring about some type of reform. Unfortunately, Napoleon would reign and dictatorship would once again reign in France. The Mexican Revolution had much of the same results as did the French. Encouraged by both the AmericanShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Causes Of The French And American Revolution1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe American, French, Haitian, and Mexican revolutions are epitomes of responsible citizens advocating for social and political upheaval in hopes of saving and furthering their states. These revolutions, more than others, exemplify nations that rebelled against governments which maliciously abused their power. The American Revolution focused on achieving independence from Britain, as Britain abused their power by unfairly taxing colonists. 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The Mexican independence movement was inspired by the French and American Revolutions, but more so as a response to the Napoleon’s invading armies delivered to Spain. Spain adopted a progressive-liberal constitution in 1812; Mexicans recognized that independence was the only means to preserve order and status quo. Leading rebels and politicalRead MoreMexican Policy Is Important Part That We Should Study About It844 Words   |  4 PagesMexican policy is an important part that we should study about it. From the Mexico just established, the system of polity of Mexico has changed 4 different politic system to adapt the epoch. The first system is the single-party state. French, English and Spanish used to invade the Mexico, than a group of people organized the public and expelled those country. After that, this group of people chose a person to be their leader and let him to control the whole country that is how the single-party appearedRead MoreHistory And Geography Of Mexico851 Words   |  4 Pages Daniel). Corruption due to the lack of trust between the Mexican people and their government is another issue Mexican culture faces (Kapellmann, Daniel). There also seems to be lower educational standards, and because of this it only plays into their poverty crises they face, (Kapellmann, Daniel). Drugs are another major problem for Mexico. Religious values and church, along with family plays a major role in Mexican culture, (â€Å"Mexican Culture,† Zimmermann). In fact, the majority of its population

Improvement of American Labor Free Essays

Beginning in 1866 until the present time many labor leaders have initiated many effective and important labor laws. Throughout the past one hundred plus years there have been many steps forward in the labor movement along with a few major steps back. The actions of these labor leaders and the accomplishments of the acts that they have helped to pass have paved the way for the American worker in today’s society. We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement of American Labor or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the labor laws that had an impact was the Taft-Hartley Act. The Taft-Hartley act formerly called the Labor-management Relations Act was passed in 1947. Its founders were Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley. This act helped in collective bargaining along with allowing workers the right to defer from joining a union. This act required unions to give notification of a strike sixty days before it was to occur. It also outlawed specific union practices that were unfair and required that union officers must deny any Communist affiliations while under oath. Another of the labor acts that contributed to the labor movement was the National Labor Relations Act. It was passed by Congress in 1935. It has been called the Magna Carta of American labor. The National Labor Relations Act guaranteed workers the right to join unions without fear of being punished by management. In order to enforce this law the National Labor Relations Board was formed. This act prevented employers from committing unfair labor practices that would make the worker be afraid to organize a union or sign a union contract. Yet another labor law was the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931. Created by Congressman Robert Bacon and Senator James Davis, this act was mainly established to grant stability to the construction industry. The bid requirements on public projects were low and this allowed outside contractors to obtain work on substandard wages. This also caused contractors to look past the high paid local workers to the lower paid workers from around the country. Davis and Bacon felt it was wrong for workers from other areas to be herded together to work for lower wages than the standard in that state. An important labor leader in the early labor movement was Francis Perkins. Francis Perkins devoted much of her life to the improvement of the American Worker. While going to school at Mt. Holyoke College, Perkins gained an interest in social reform. This interest grew when she joined the National Consumer League, which had a goal to improve labor conditions through consumer pressure. In 1928, New York governor Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Perkins as the head of the state labor department. Four years later, when Roosevelt was elected to the presidency, Perkins was asked to be his secretary of labor. Perkins played a major role in Roosevelt’s response to the Great Depression. She also was an advocate of social security, wage and hour regulation, and the abolition of child labor. Eugene V. Debs was another famous labor leader. Debs made the first major attempt to form a labor union for both skilled and unskilled workers of a specific industry. This attempt was the American Railway Union. Debs also played a major role in the Pullman Strike in 1894. He asked for arbitration and when Pullman refused to negotiate Debs and the American Railway Union began boycotting Pullman train. Later in the Pullman strike Deb was arrested. While in prison Debs realized his true calling. He became a spokesperson for the Socialists Party of America and ran for president five times. Surprisingly, in 1912, he won 900,000 votes. A famous quote of Deb’s was, â€Å"I say now, that while there is a lower class, I am in it; while there is a criminal element, I am of it; while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.† A significant strike of the past was the aforementioned Pullman Strike. The Pullman strike began during the Panic of 1893. The Pullman Company laid off three thousand of its fifty-eight hundred employees. The Pullman workers all lived in houses owned by the Pullman Company and had to pay rent. The remaining employees had their wages cut twenty-five to thirty percent and the housing prices remained the same. After paying the rent on their homes, their paychecks dwindled down to almost nothing. Later, after the depression, two thousand Pullman workers were hired. Again, the Pullman Company did not restore wages of compensate with lower housing rates. In the spring of 1894, the outraged workers called for a strike. The strike was one of peace, that is until Pullman hired strikebreakers. This brought on a violent end to the strike. In conclusion, Pullman fired most of the strikers and named more to a blacklist. The Homestead strike occurred in 1892. It began when workers from the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company’s Homestead plant in order to protest a cut in wages. The company’s general manager, Henry C. Frick, was determined to break the union. He hired strikebreakers and then hired three hundred detectives to protect the plant and the strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the detectives and workers, three detectives and six workers were dead. The strike ended on November 20th after the plant reopened and nonunion workers remained on the job. This strike caused a weakening effect on the unions of the steel industry that would take forty years to repair. A more recent labor issue was the United Parcel Service’s strike in 1997. The central issues of this strike were part-time work, pensions, and subcontracting. The union claimed that many part-time workers work full time hours without getting paid the full time rates, which are almost twice that of the part-time. The union also wanted an increase in contributions to its pension and health funds. The union would not budge on this issue and UPS met their demands. The last aspect of the strike was subcontracting. The union claimed that a loophole in their contracts was allowing more than the one percent limit of the business to go to subcontractors. There are many opinions on whether or not the strike was a victory for the union but at the end the workers were back on the job. The Haymarket Affair, sometimes called the Haymarket Riot, began on the night of May 4, 1886, as a form of protest after the killing of a striker by police on the previous day. On this night 1,200 protesters met at Chicago’s Haymarket Square where police opposed them. Chaos ensued as someone threw a bomb into the police line. Eight men, three speakers and five other radicals, were charged with starting a riot. Four were hanged while one committed suicide in prison. After the Haymarket Affair, the public began to shy away from the labor movement. In July of 1877 the Strike of 1877 became a turning point in labor history. A worker’s strike at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began in order to protest the second cut of wages in just a few months. This strike would lead to strikes from every railroad east of the Mississippi and then later would spread to western railroads. Fifty thousand miles of railroad were halted for more than a week. This caused riots in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco. After President Rutherford B. Hayes sent troops in to break up the strike, the strikers began to retreat. On August 6th, the strike was over and railroads were up and going again. The case of Muller vs. Oregon is a famous Supreme Court labor case. The focal points of this case were the Fourteenth Amendment versus the Tenth Amendment. In these times in Oregon it was illegal for a woman to work for more than ten hours in a factory or laundry. In 1905, a suit was filed against Curt Muller for making Mrs. E. Gotcher work more than ten hours. After being found guilty, Muller took his case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court would later rule against him. Another Supreme Court issue of the labor movement was the Munn v. Illinois case. Munn, a partner in a Chicago warehouse firm, had been found guilty by an Illinois court of violating the state laws providing for the fixing of maximum charges for storage of grain. He appealed, contending that the fixing of maximum rates constituted a taking of property without due process of law. The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws, establishing as constitutional the principle of public regulation of private businesses involved in serving the public interest. Since 1866 the labor unions have been involved in many more strikes and there have been new labor leaders who have been involved in controversial court cases in order to make sure that workers are treated fairly. Throughout the history of the United States labor has changed greatly and it will continue to change in the future. How to cite Improvement of American Labor, Essay examples

Do You Consider John Proctor E Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper # 8220 ; I have given you my psyche ; go forth me my name! # 8221 ; Make you see John Procter to be heroic? John Proctor was a husbandman in Salem, Massachusetts in America and, because he had a batch of land, he was a good respected in the small town. He was married to Elizabeth and they had three kids together. He was involved in the 1692 Salem enchantress tests, which provoked mass craze amongst the people of the small town. At the terminal of the tests, 20 people inexperienced person of witchery were hanged. John Proctor was an ordinary husbandman # 8211 ; how could he perchance be considered heroic? Although Proctor was respected, he was besides slightly feared. Peoples reacted to his air of authorization. For illustration, Mary Warren, the Proctors # 8217 ; retainer, begs: # 8220 ; Pray, pray, ache me non, # 8221 ; which, to me, suggests she is afraid of her maestro. On a old juncture, Mary is said to hold leapt up in fear when Proctor enters the room. Proctor is strong willed and he has an interior belief in his ain positions and ethical motives. He is a principled adult male, non a dissembler. He by and large will non make something he doesn # 8217 ; t believe in. This point is illustrated by the fact that he will non travel to church on a regular basis because he does non esteem the curate, Reverend Samuel Parris. Parris wants to replace the current church tapers with fancy new gold 1s. To Proctor, this seems like a really mercenary attitude to take # 8211 ; particularly for a adult male of the church. It seems to me dry that Proctor is the 1 objecting to Parris # 8217 ; s desire for the candle holders because typically the curate is meant to put an illustration for his parishioners to follow. Proctor is non easy led and so he will non # 8216 ; bow down # 8217 ; earlier Parris as he does non esteem him and so he thinks it is non right to travel to church if he does non O.K. of the curate. Besides, he does non endure saps lief. He finds even the mere suggestion of witchery wholly farcical. He is non afraid to talk his head. The fact that he is non afraid to openly roast this backs up the point that he is an independent adult male who is non easy led. He refuses to acquire involved in the craze, which has engulfed the small town. Although an honorable adult male, he is capable of dishonest Acts of the Apostless as the matter with Abigail demonstrates. The principled side of him interrupt off the relationship but he can non halt himself being emotionally drawn to Abigail. He sees these go oning feelings for her as a failing in his character. A fearful side of him comes through. When he is speaking to his married woman, Elizabeth, he hides behind fiddling and polite conversation. The ambiance is tense and awkward between them, as Elizabeth is cognizant of the matter. They seem to # 8217 ; skate # 8217 ; around the topic as they are seeking to avoid speaking about it. Proctor refuses to travel to the tribunal and attest against Abigail, as he does non desire their matter to go common cognition among the people of the small town. The bond between Abigail and him still exists and I think Elizabeth realises and R esents this. I think Proctor is ashamed of his matter and he tells his married woman: â€Å"I mean to delight you, Elizabeth.† However, every bit shortly as Elizabeth and his other friends are accused by Abigail of being involved with the Satan Proctor # 8217 ; s attitudes alteration. He has a loyal nature and when people he cares about are in problem he does non believe twice approximately seeking to assist them. He becomes determined and Acts of the Apostless rapidly because his friends are in hazard. By traveling to tribunal, and publically acknowledging his matter, Proctor demonstrates steadfast bravery # 8211 ; he is willing to melanize his name in order that his friends # 8217 ; names are cleared. When threatened with decease if he doesn # 8217 ; t have up to making the Satan # 8217 ; s work, Proctor defies the tribunal by keeping his ain, and everyone else # 8217 ; s, artlessness. He demonstrates selflessness. After being imprisoned for a few hebdomads, merely before his is due to be hanged, Proctor is given the chance to acknowledge witchery yet once more. He does have up to get down with because by squealing he would be allowed to populate. He changes his head after subscribing the confession. # 8220 ; I have three kids # 8211 ; how may I learn them to walk like work forces in the universe, and I sold my friends. # 8221 ; Proctor does non desire to melanize his ain and his friends # 8217 ; names. He defies the tribunal once more when he rips up the confession because he is excessively principled a adult male to destroy his name by subscribing himself to an untruthful confession and so holding it nailed to the church door # 8211 ; # 8220 ; Because it is my name! How may I live without my name? I have given you my psyche: go forth me my name! # 8221 ; Proctor demonstrates huge selflessness and bravery. There is a sense of humbleness in him merely before he is due to hang. He is resigned to the fact and accepts it. He sees it as a penalty for his wickednesss and so he doesn # 8217 ; t want to be thought of as a saint like Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse. By accepting his decease Elizabeth says, # 8220 ; He hold his goodness now. # 8221 ; Proctor kept his name. I believe that in order to be a hero 1 has to be epic but I do non believe that all epic people are heroes. There is no uncertainty in my head that John Proctor was heroic. He lost his life wrongfully because he would non squeal to something that had neer happened. He could hold taken the easy manner out by subscribing his name to a confession but his scruples knew that this was incorrect. He was non a weak adult male who lied easy and the idea of melanizing his name filled him with horror because by making so he would besides melanize his household and friends. Throughout the class of the Salem enchantress tests, Proctor changes from a somewhat selfish adult male who had a quiet life as a husbandman to a altruistic adult male willing to give up his life because he remained honest. This aristocracy is, to me, really heroic. However, when it comes down to it, he did non accomplish some effort of great strength or intelligence. He did non salvage small kids from a combustion house. He was an fornicator, and he broke several of the Ten Commandments. He was non a hero # 8211 ; he was a adult male who had to make the right thing.

4 Underrated Skills Your Company Might be Neglecting

4 Underrated Skills Your Company Might be Neglecting According to Bruce Tulgan, Founder and Chairman of Rainmaker Thinking, companies that prioritize specific soft skills behaviors tend to have a stronger and more positive corporate culture. Take Disney or the Marine Corps: They prioritize outreach to young people and value qualities like loyalty and dedication. A profitable rental car chain has high profits and fast growth- according to Tulgan, it’s because they emphasize self-presentation, quality, initiative, and problem-solving. These results aren’t accidents; they’re what happens when an organization focuses on its priorities and emphasizes them throughout the company.AlignmentCompany branding should be consistent and accessible; slogans, images, messages that support the brand’s shared meaning- all should also be backed up by the prevailing company culture.ConsistencyAnyone who’s ever worked an office job has probably gone to a corporate retreat or summit session or company wide love fest, liste ned to keynote speakers, participated (more or less willingly) in breakout sessions, brainstormed, presented, and watched company leaders â€Å"synthesize takeaways† or revamp the mission statement. It’s inspiring and impressive and there’s no way it’s all just bluster, right?Except then†¦ nothing happens. It was a waste of everyone’s time and the company obviously has a lot more mouth than money to put with it. Don’t try to change corporate culture overnight, and definitely don’t come up with buzzwords that sound great but remain utterly detached from what you actually do and how your employees behave.AccountabilityEven if you oversee  the most Millennial crop of interns to ever sigh, check their phones, and make coffee at the rate it would take a burro to climb out of the Andes, it’s foolish to blame the â€Å"generation gap† entirely on them. Your company had a culture before they came along, and now that theyà ¢â‚¬â„¢re here, your company culture has to adapt. They may surprise you with innovation or rapid adaptations to change if you accept and value them as contributors to the team instead of the whippersnappers snapchatting in the break room.That said, it’s fine if your company culture involves no personal media at work- just make sure you’re not also insisting they maintain vibrant social media company profiles, because that contrast just makes you look petty.Self-AssessmentWhat do you value? How is that reflected in the work you prioritize, the people you support, and the work you produce? Would a newcomer to your company agree that there’s a positive culture? Is there cohesion? Retention? Is morale high or resigned? From your earliest stages of hiring interviews to your highest levels of company goal-setting, make sure you’re reinforcing the culture that you want to represent you and your brand.  How to Unlock the Power of Soft Skills  Read More at Hu ffington Post

The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essays

The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essays The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essay The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals, Naica, Mexico Essay Research Paper The Worlds Largest Gypsum Crystals A mile below one of Mexicos most important lead and silver mines, and a few miles above the earths magma lies a magnificent Geological Wonder. It Is Known As â€Å"The Cave Of Crystals. It contains the largest gypsum crystals known in the world to date. The cave was discovered in 2000 by two brothers drilling 1000 feet below the ground while working for Penoles mining company (Garcia-Ruiz et al. ). Man and mining have had a negative impact on the crystals, and should be held accountable for the future fate of this geological wonder. We must prevent its destruction, and benefit from the knowledge that science can gain studding this unique treasure. Cave mineralogy is a fairly new field of study that will continue to grow and earn a prestigious place in the larger scientific community. This find is the most important geological discovery made in our lifetime. This phenomenon merits a description. Growing up from the floor, the enormous crystals mirror columns of light, perfectly transparent and luminous. Among the giants is a prismatic shaped crystal measuring 11 m long. Many perfectly formed shards up to a meter in size sparkle and shimmer across the ceiling and walls. It is a magical place, described as a surreal fantasy world (London, 25). [pic] In Northern Mexico, about 100km, southeast of the city Chihuahua lies the Naica Mine. It has been operated by the Penoles mining company since 1952. They are the largest producers of lead and silver in Mexico, along with the production of zinc. The opening to the mine is on the North side of the Sierra de Naica, which according to scientific data lies above three known faults, the Gibraltar, Naica and the Montana. These faults still control the rise of thermal fluids. Hydrothermal circulation is responsible for the location of mineral deposits. Many years ago, tectonic stressors created cavities inside the aquifer; one of these caves today is called â€Å"The cave of crystals. † It is famous for the gypsum giants (Forti, 135). This discovery holds many secrets that will be exposed by science. The geological process that dictated the unique environment from which these giants materialized consisted of the natural pairing of two diverse fluids filling into the cave. One being from the deep, (phreatic), and the other from the shallow or (epi-phreatic) and vadose levels. These hydrothermal fluids, which are directly connected to the origin of the caves and mines, have been functioning as they are today for over twenty five million years. Over time, with these two chemicals overlapping and mixing with one another, we end up with an overabundance, referred to as â€Å"super-saturation† (Fricker, Garofalo, and Gunther, 620) This formed the perfect nursery required to develop these gorgeous gargantuans. A 2011 Journal printed a paper entitled â€Å"Role of Fluid Inclusion Analysis in Understanding Giagintic Selenite Crystal Growth in a Deep Karst Cave. â€Å"The paper offered a recent study of fluid inclusion has shown that the crystals were formed within a small margin of temperature. The solubility of gypsum and anhydrite are the same at just under 54 °C. These crystals grow at low supersaturation and from low salinity solutions. The analysis data shows that dissolution of anhydrite formed during hydrothermal mineralization produces a growth solution consistent with that of oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions of gypsum crystals. This study puts forth that the huge crystals were created by a self-feeding system, fueled by a solution-mediated anhydrite-gypsum phase transition (Garcia-Ruiz, 327-330). Man and mining have had a negative impact on these wondrous crystals. Based on the current research and data available concerning the growth of crystals, the oldest Naica mine crystals date back about 400,000 years. This date is not exact. Scientists measure present day rate of growth to determine the precise age of a crystal. Unfortunately, these caves were dewatered by the mining industry in 1985. This lowering of the water table stopped the accretion process. The supersaturated water that fed the crystals was no longer available (Badino et al. 124). Man has put an end to this amazing geological environment that has existed for somewhere around four hundred thousand years. According to the International Journal of Speleology, the temperature inside the cave has drastically decreased. The main part of the mine has been connected to the cave and this creates air circulation. The cave temp drops 0. 6 degrees C. per year. The dew point was met in 2005 and a condensation process started. â€Å"At this location the giant gypsum crystals started to rapidly dissolve and new mineral phases began to precipitate† (Badino, 126). Once again, we have evidence of damage being done by mankind. The International Journal of Speleology states that upon analysis secondary minerals that appeared after the dewatering of the crystals the evolution of new speleothems seems to be due to the fluids contained in the crystals themselves. The Journal states: â€Å"Thus, for the first time, the fundamental role played by evaporationcondensation processes have been applied not only to the shape of speleothems, but also to the control of their mineral composition† (Badino et al. 125). There is much to be learned by the scientific community by studying this unique environment. Members of the Suttle Laboratory of Marine Virology and Microbiology were permitted in December, 2009, to take water samples from several different locations inside the mine. The temperatures inside the cave reach as high as 40 C and a relative humidity between 90 and 100%. As a result chemo autotrophic microbes, at present, ( because of their isolation) and their viruses may be related to those which dwelled on our earth at a much earlier time, or even possibly on other planets. It is hypothesized they exist and thrive in this ecosystem. The researchers from the team explained that â€Å"by working with these samples. We hope to gain insight into what types of microbial assemblages inhabit this very unique environment† (Suttle). In 1997 The National Speleological Society published a book titled â€Å"Cave Minerals of the World. The demands made by the Nomenclatures and Classification Commission on New Minerals and by the International Mineralogical Association were met. In 2011 and up-to-date list added 319 cave minerals. Mineralogy has achieved a rapid growth over the last 10 years. This is mostly due to progress in analytical facilities and new technology. The study of speleothems can teach us about quaternary climate change, and show us the difference between many speleogenetic routes and passages. Minerals can also lead us to understand and re-create landscape evolution. New minerals hold valuable information for the fields of the Earth sciences, and many other disciplines of study. They will answer many questions in the future (ONAC et al. ). According to the University of South Florida, Department of Geology, and other experts in the field â€Å"The result of cave mineral studies, when integrating stable isotope analysis with other microanalytical techniques, can be reassembled to test and improve conceptual ideas in mineral precipitation and to quantify geochemical processes associated with it† (ONAC et al. 4). Important discoveries have been made at the mines in Naica. Here are a few examples: Sulfates- Alpersite and Antlerite- Naica mine, Mexico. Cave at 150m. Silicates- Hectorite- â€Å"Cueva de las Espadas, Naica, Mexico. † Grientite- â€Å"Cueva de los Velas, Naica, Mexico† (ONAC et al. 34-36). There is no reason to assume that the most recent discovery, the â€Å"Cave of Crystals† has nothing to offer. This magnif icent find holds the interest of geologists, microbiologists, Earth scientists and many other allied professionals. They should be permitted, no, encouraged, to learn all they can before the cave returns back to its underwater existence, and is lost to us forever. The traditional study of minerals did not include much direct interest in the cave environment. Cave mineralogy is a field relatively new to science. This inattention stemmed from the fact that 90% of minerals found in caves are composed of aragonite and calcite (Bogdan and Forti, 80). Cave minerals known as speleothems are secondary deposits. Many of them have little or nothing to do with the actual cave itself. They were carried or transported as the existing cave was being filled or by corrosion after-the-fact. (Bogdan and Forti,79-80). Entering the 19th century, less than 10 scientific papers were published, detailing around 10 minerals, only including four different caves. Progress was made. By the 20th century 50 cave minerals were known and 250 papers have been published. The 60s brought with them 700 scientific papers on the subject, and some 80 described cave minerals. The third millennium brought about nearly 5000 papers published about 300 cave minerals and their environments were detailed. Today we average 2 to 3 new mineral each year (Bogdan and Forti, 81). Many of these minerals are new to science. Their surprise wealth is the result of separate forces working together. Percolating water causes the leaching of sediment and rocks before entering the cave. (Leaching releases solid-state radionuclides or contaminants into the liquid state. ) Another factor is high hydrogen sulfide solutions or hydrothermal liquid interplay with the cave sediments and the base rock. The same chemical compounds can form totally different product specimens. In other words completely different results can form from the same exact chemical compounds. The type of reaction that is undergone is the determining factor of the formation that is left behind (Bogdan and Forti,80). A variety of reactions take place in the cave environment. The key factors are: pH, Eh, changes in humidity and temperature, the chemistry of the solution and the presence or lack thereof microorganisms. Some common cave reaction types are: segregation and sublimation- processes result in phase transition. The key mechanism is temperature. Geochemical processes: oxidation/reduction, hydration/dehydration and double replacement these key mechanisms seem to be the concentration of acids (Bogdan and Forti,82). The cave of crystals should be left unharmed and be studied by the scientific community. It holds many answers that will benefit us in many ways. It should then be returned to the state in which we found it. This unique treasure and its knowledge are worth more to mankind than the ore produced by the mine. For the time being the caves should be open for geologists to study while there is a chance, as there is much to be learned. Badino, Giovanni, et al. â€Å"the present day genesis and evolution of cave minerals inside the Ojo de la Reina Cave, Mexico. † international Journal of Speleology 40. 03926672 (2011): 125-131. Google Scholar. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. . Bogdan, Onac P, and Paolo Forti. â€Å"Minerogenetic mechanisms occurring in the cave environment. † International Journal of Speleology 40. 2 (2011): 79-98. PDF file. Forti, Paolo. Genissis and Evoloution of the Caves in the Naica Mine (Chihuahua, Mexico). † Zeitschrift Fur Geomorphologie 54 Suool . 2. 0115 (2010): 135. Google Scholar. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. Fricker, Mattias B, Paolo S Garofalo, and Detlef Gunther. â€Å"Role of Fluid Inclusion Analysis in Understanding Giagintic Selenite Crystal Growth in a Deep Karst Cave (Naica, Mexico). † Highlights of Analytical Chemistry in Switzerland 65, No 7/? 8 (2011 ): 620. google Scholar. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. . Garcia-Ruiz, Juan Manuel, et al. â€Å"Formationof Natural Gypsum Megacrystals in Naica, Mexico. Geology 35 no4: 327-330. Google Scholar. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. London, David. Figure 8. 14 Dec. 2002. New â€Å"Cave of Crystals† at Naica, Chihua, Mexico. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. -. â€Å"] New â€Å"Cave of the Crystals† at Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico. † Earth Scientist Magazine (2003): 24 27. google scholar. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. . ONAC, Bogdan P, et al. â€Å"State of the art and challenges in cave minerals studies. † Studia UBB Geologia 56. 1: 33-42. PDF file. Suttle, Curtis A. â€Å"Naica. † Suttle Laboratory. University of British Columbia, 27 Nov. 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. .

Community development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Community development - Research Paper Example Data collection methods will include questionnaires and interviews. It is hypothesized that there are visible community development projects in Bangladesh that can be credited to the efforts of Grameen Bank. Additionally, it is hypothesized that there are women who have improved their lives due to empowerment by Grameen Bank. The outcome of this study will have implications on community development workers and agencies (Osmani 695). Since its inception in 1983, Grameen Bank has used an unconventional mode of lending different from other banks by eliminating the need for collateral. The bank has replaced the need for collateral with accountability, mutual trust, supervision, creativity, and participation. The emphasis of the bank is on education and economic empowerment of the poor people who live in the rural areas of Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to document the experience of Grameen Bank in community development and women empowerment in Bangladesh (Mahmud 49). The problems of poverty and women oppression are concerns shared worldwide and different groups and institutions address them in unique ways. Grameen Bank approaches community development and women empowerment from the rural parts of Bangladesh using collateral-free lending. Studies have expressed their admiration for Grameen Bank’s approach to these two concerns. However, prior studies do not provide alternatives to how the bank can ensure that all women remain empowered and that they are not overshadowed by patriarchy and male domination and this is a gap that this study will seek to fill (Mahmud 48). Grammeen Bank started in 1983 from Professor Muhammad Yunus’ idea of providing capital to the poor in Jobra village in Bangladesh. The sight of the poor population of Bangladesh suffering triggered the idea especially in the incidence of the adverse weather conditions of the country (Osmani 696). Famine and poor housing were some

The Woman at the Tomb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Woman at the Tomb - Essay Example The faith in Jesus’ resurrection plays a central feature in the Christian tradition. In such case, there is the need to investigate the origin and meaning of the belief in Jesus’ resurrection. The oldest text in the New Testament that says something about the resurrection can be found in the first letter of Paul to the Christian community in Corinth that was written around the year 56 C.E. The passage reminds the Corinthians of the proclamation of Paul regarding the resurrection of Jesus. Such reminder by Paul also indicates how early the resurrection belief was. The text starts with â€Å"I handed on to you as of first importance what I in turn had received† (1 Cor. 15:3). This indicates that what follows is not purely Paul’s composition. Paul quoted a very old creedal statement. There are many theories behind regarding how Paul might have received this basic Christian proclamation. Some scholars say that he received the main formula at Damascus when he w ent there upon being converted to Christianity about 36 C.E. Others would state that Paul got all or some of this material from his first visit to the Christian community of Jerusalem in 39 C.E. The formula from which Paul quotes contains two important elements about the resurrection: he was raised and he appeared (Loewe 101). ... The author of the gospel supplies his audience various indications of time. Furthermore the names of the women, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Salome were mentioned. When the women arrived in the tomb, they saw a young man dressed in white. The young man made a three-part speech. Firstly, he addressed the women’s feelings. Secondly, he explains why the tomb is empty. According to him, Jesus had been raised. Thirdly, the young man gave the women a job to do that is, to tell the male disciples that Jesus will see them in Galilee. Mark also established what transpired between the young man and the three women placing its emphasis on the reaction of the women to the young man. For Mark, the women’s response to the good news of the resurrection was a disappointment. Overcome with fear, the women run away and did not tell anyone what they experienced. Matthew followed Mark in this narrative of the empty tomb. Salome was taken out of the picture leaving Mary Magd alene and â€Å"the other Mary.† For Matthew the reason of the women in was simply to see the tomb. Another major change in the version of Matthew is the dramatic scene were the opening of the stone of the tomb coincided with an earthquake. In contrast with the earlier account of Mark, the author of Matthew describes the reaction of the women to the resurrection on a positive note. The women left the tomb with fear and great joy then ran to tell the other disciples. Luke’s version of the empty tomb bonds with Mark regarding the purpose of the women in visiting the tomb that is to anoint Jesus with spices. The number of women increases: Joanna replaces Salome and there were other unnamed women as well. The young man in Matthew’s edition turns into an angel and eventually